The Scarlet Letter Creative Assignment Paper

Different Hester Prynne Diary Entries June fourteenth, 1641 at the beginning of today I alert in the jail, trusting that gatekeepers will take me to the commercial center. Pearl and my destiny will be chosen very soon and I am shaking with uneasiness. What will happen to us? Will it be that the individuals see the need of the demise discipline? Maybe they will remove dear Pearl from me! Gracious I am trembling with dread. Pearl is dozing in the corner and she is the most lovely sight I've seen. Here comes the guards†¦ I go to the dad that Pearl and I can live through today around evening time. Hester PrynneJune sixteenth, 1641 I have been condemned to 3 hours on the platform while the entire town ogled and talked tattle about me. I additionally should wear the sign of the Scarlet Letter upon my bosom for an amazing remainder. The day of the sentence, I saw Roger in the crowd†¦ Oh the helpless man, what have I done! He visited me yesterday in the jail also. I was attentive t hat he was going to hurt Pearl or myself. He sure is tingling for some vengeance from the dad. I didn't unveil what it's identity was nevertheless he appeared to be truly plan on discovering himself. Goodness I supplicate he never discovers out.In the in the interim, I will be partying day in and day out of the backwoods doing different embroidery occupations for individuals so as to keep my head above water. Hester Prynne August third, 1641 Pearl turns out to be progressively splendid every day. Periodically I consider her name and the amount it intends to me. â€Å"Pearl†, as in purchased with an extraordinary cost †my lone fortune. With such a transgression, that I submitted, I was given such a stunning youngster whom I love with each ounce of my heart. I ensure that I dress Pearl in great and ornamented garments. She transmits love and magnificence any place she is. Once of the primary things Pearl truly saw in this world, was the feared letter.Why must she be so int erested by this image of torment that I should bear? Hester Prynne March 25th, 1642 Today Pearl and I traveled to the Governor's Hall. The manor was outfitted so extravagant and luxuriously. Vivid woven artworks held tight the dividers just as representations and defensive layer and mirrors. The senator addressed whether I was equipped for bringing up a kid with all that I have done. I revealed to him I would show Pearl all that I have learned by wearing the Scarlet Letter and that it would be adequate. At the point when Pearl disclosed to them that I culled her off of a flower shrubbery, it didn't help their consciousness.I argued my case again and again lastly Mr. Dimmesdale acted the hero. I realized he would stand up for me considering the circumstances†¦ All that issues is I'm back home this evening with Pearl. Hester Prynne June seventh, 1648 I can't stand to stand what Roger is doing to Dimmesdale. He is intellectually and sincerely wrecking the man. Goodness the blame, and distress that must torment him. I have gotten away from this without any problem. I have been forward about the transgression on my part. While he should imagine nothing has ever occurred and let it consume his awareness. Gracious the helpless man. I wish I could plan something for help! Hester PrynneJuly eighteenth, 1648 Dimmesdale is looking more regrettable and more terrible. I ran into him in the forested areas today by the creek. We've presumed that we should flee. We could begin another life back in London and wash away all leftovers of this life. We could change our names, and I could discard this letter. I will begin to make arrangements. I truly trust Pearl gets used to him. The young lady knows only her mom and the letter. She was compelling worried when I took the letter off today. It's such a disgrace she discovers comfort in that, for it felt like a tremendous weight was lifted off my shoulder. She will get used to him and me, I know it. Hester Prynne

Childhood Obesity on the rise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Henry Adams Virgin And The Dynamo Essay free essay sample

Henry Adams, Virgin And The Dynamo Essay, Research Paper The Education of the Henry Adams audits Adams s and the United States s guidance and developing during the nineteenth century. Adams was an old grown-up male who had Puritan convictions about sex and confidence. In this life account, Adams voices his distrust about grown-up male s newly discovered capacity to order the method of history, in impossible to miss, the exploding universe of logical control and designing, where all surenesses of the great beyond have evaporated ( anb.org, 1 ) . Adams experienced childhood in the United Stated where he was a Puritan. Puritans accepted that sex ( grown-up females especially ) was simply a signifier of birthrate and generation ; in any case sex was an underhandedness ( Adams, 384 ) . American craftsmanship, similar to the American etymological correspondence and American guidance, was each piece far as conceivable sexless ( Adams, 385 ) . The solitary figures and pictures of grown-up females that Adams saw with comprehension were those like the Virgin Mary, who was ever observed as non-sexual. We will compose a custom article test on Henry Adams Virgin And The Dynamo Essay or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For outline, America was embarrassed about her have flung fig-leaves so richly all over her ( Adams, 384 ) . Notwithstanding, during this clasp of the designing insurgency, grown-up females were persuade bringing down to be seen something else, especially in Europe. Ladies were seen as excellent and mortal presences. People groups, for example, Rodin were stand foring grown-up females in pictures and models explicitly. Sexual action was becomi ng something more than just an organization of propagation. Out of nowhere Adams was far, far away from his Puritan exclusively bound life. People groups were not, at this point roused by confidence, being spared by God, and venturing out to paradise ; logical order, designing, cash, and force had assumed control over the pushes of grown-up male. Religion ( a typical graduated table of the days gone by ) had assumed the lower priority in relation to science, designing, cash, power, and the new considerations and specialty of sex ( all new graduated tables of the present and the great beyond ) . In protection from the medieval Virgin, Adams saw another Godhead the dynamo image of the cutting edge history s rebellious energies ( anova.org, 1 ) . Adams earnestly needed to larn about the new universe of designing, the dynamos, yet he felt crippled to happen this new comprehension and to grok it. Adams was overpowered by the building of the dynamos. At the point when Adams saw the dynamo, it turned into an image of the great beyond, of time everlasting ( Adams, 380 ) . He started to encounter the forty-foot dynamos as an ethical power, much as early Christians felt the cross ( Adams, 380 ) . Like the modifications in workmanship and sex, the designing was getting confidence. The dynamo, to Adams, has become an image of the obscure, of the great beyond without God and confidence. This was Adams s most noteworthy uncertainness ; going against the entirety of his days gone by and convictions and going on into the eccentric in the future.

History of Psycology Essay

Prior to brain research there was theory. Descartes was around during the finish of the Renaissance and in the time of progressive advancements in science. Conceived in 1596 to a French legal advisor, Descartes could see more than most. At the point when he was in his late 20’s, he looked like all the more a researcher than a logician since he had considered material science, optics, geometry just as physiology. The first to find that focal points in quite a while are rearranged by evacuating an ox’s eye, Descartes likewise had confidence in truth and was a functioning realist, which means he accepted reality would rise via cautious utilization of reason and it turned into his business as usual. Thusly to truth was additionally through the human ability to reason. He made four standards he used to show up at truth. He likewise was the most popular case of a dualist, offering approach to tolerating an unmistakable segment between psyche or soul and body. He accepted that the body resembled an all around oiled machine and the brain could affect it. John Locke followed Descartes in 1632. He needed to take epistemology, the investigation of human information and acquiring it, to a progressively test based gathering of order. Locke rejected the possibility of natural thoughts, just â€Å"faculties†. A few thoughts showed up so right off the bat in life that they used to accept they were intrinsic however Locke announced that the entirety of our insight was gotten from encounters. Locke expressed that the brain resembled a white piece of paper, clear yet ready to become something extraordinary. Encounters add to the paper by sensations and reflections. George Berkeley was another rationalist conceived in 1685. His work on vision was the primary case of how empiricist thinking could be applied to the investigation of observation. In conclusion there is David Hume. He manufactured his insight around the base reason that the entirety of our comprehension is established in understanding, or impressions vs.ideas. Impressions are fundamental sensations experienced day by day, for example, feeling torment, seeing yellow or tasting saltiness. Thoughts are black out duplicates of impressions however are not as clear. Hume likewise offered three laws of affiliation: similarity, contiguity, and cause/impact. Likeness meaning the appearance of one article can bring back recollections or thoughts of another thing. Contiguity implies interlacing two things together, for example, the smell of oranges and the west coast. The best of the laws is the law of cause/impact. On the off chance that one thought causes another thought or memory, the reason helps you to remember the impact for example consuming your hand on the oven while making biscuits. When seeing the scar, the memory of biscuits will return. Hume likewise recommended that to reason that A causes B, one must know 1. At the point when A happens, B must happen consistently, 2. A happens before B, and 3. B doesn’t happen without being gone before by A. In the nineteenth century, brain research moved from being logically based to being increasingly logical. Researchers and physiologists attempted to show the world the purposes for brain research were in reality dependent on the faculties and the sensory system. One model is the Bell-Magendie law. Both Sir Charles Bell and Francois Magendie both were examining the underlying foundations of the postierior and front underlying foundations of the spinal string and their capacities. Ringer was credited with the law since his exploration was distributed before, however constrained, and Bell didn't lead an investigation like Magendie did on doggies. They found that the back roots control sensation where there is development still however no sensation. Magendie then cut off the foremost root in another creature and the appendage was limp and incapable to move however it despite everything had sensation. To close, the study of brain research has consistently been a changing space from reasoning to technical disciplines. It will proceed to develop and create as the world changes and moves. Descartes got the show on the road by considering optics and how to show up at reality with his four laws. Locke indicated the world that it is sustain versus nature that shapes an individual. Hume gave us the three laws of affiliation. In the nineteenth century brain research created to incorporate sciences. These rationalists and researchers formed the brain research field to what it is today.

Cloning Essay Research Paper In today s free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper In today s society it appears as though anything can be cultivated through building. In spite of the fact that most advancements are being made to help cure and consideration for sick and crippled individuals, many accept that researcher have gone to far and are playing the capacity of God. One of the most solicited requests today is the hypothesis from cloning a person. Innovation and logical order have for all intents and purposes made this idea a world ; in any case, many differ about the moralss of cloning. Is cloning simply another offices of multiplication or is science disregarding the common request of Gods imaginative movement. In the finishing up examination, human cloning is wrong a result of the negative impacts it will hold in today s society and the risk it will bring down on universes. At the point when requests about human cloning emerge, individuals are over streamed with considerations of how it could loan or benefit themselves and their from now on. Would it let them to populate longer? Might it be able to offer plan to those incapable to uncovered posterity obviously? Might it be able to open window to human infections, which would let for clinical claims to fame to deal with hopeless illnesses, for example, Aidss and the Ebola Virus? What could cloning truly make? Researcher program to use cloning for clinical aims along for a basic offices of generation. Scientists other than plan to clone adult human cells that will do it conceivable to turn new Black Marias and livers and nervus cells ( Gibbs 49 ) . On the off chance that this were thus, so it would most likely be conceivable to change the hereditary studies of an individual all together. Jeanna DuPrau territories, Most of us would be cheerful if our folks had made us by a familial legacy liberated from harmful neoplastic infection, chest ailment, and dynamic neurological sickness ( 68-69 ) . Cloning could answer the requests to such a large number of conundrums that plague researcher today. What's more, with answers, cloning carries want to those suffering from enduring unwellnesss, and would offer ascent to greater and better networks. Over the past decennary, an ever increasing number of pairs have gotten themselves inept and incapable to hold up under children obviously. Cloning could, for outline ; offer would like to individual who is sterile due to threatening neoplastic ailment treatment [ and ] needs to hold an angel through cloning ( Gibbs 48 ) . This alternative would empower family units to hold kids without holding to go through the truly conveying technique. However these are still hypotheses, cloning can at present be utilized as a potential and significant choice for thought. Despite the fact that cloning new wave be on a very basic level made around the clinical universe ; its plan doesn T stop at that place. Society takes this idea in and makes a totally different kind of subjects that they could benefit from. Cloning is thought to offer ascent to human improvement and in bettering. Humankind ought to be in charge of its ain destiny, says DuPrau ( 74 ) . See having the option to clone the most top notch examples of humankind. . .at that point the figure of top of the line individuals would increment, and in the long count, humankind would be improved ( DuPrau 61 ) . With this being valid, individuals feel that their in the future of being fruitful is inescapable. They will have the option to discover accurately what they need in their children and have them made to their every craving and enjoying. With the coming familial transformation, we will be coordinating our ain improvement rather than trusting on a characteristic ( and some of the time dark ) lottery to make it for us, states Jonathan Colvin ( 2 ) . With all the conceivable outcomes accessible, cloning is about a destined impression that is near the very edge of going world ; by and by, there is a lot of dispute on the subject of human cloning. DePrau feels that some through media must be reached between the individuals who state human cloning must neer go on, in light of the fact that it is corrupt, and the individuals who state human cloning must go on the grounds that its advantages out gauge its threats ( 75 ) . Despite the fact that there are numerous potential advantages, there are unquestionably more who can't help contradicting the possibility of human cloning and holding designing produce future humankind. On the off chance that human cloning got conceivable, the cultural and financial standards squeezed upon the individuals of our universe would go aloof. To make a ringer it will be less than 1 million dollars ( DuPrau 62 ) This terrible figure would be unnecessarily stunning for anybody of typical salary to bear. Because of this reality, contrasts among rich and hapless could become so extraordinary that universes will truly be changed into more than one animal varieties ( DePrau 63 ) . Thusly this ability will be restricted to wealthy individuals and in this state rich individuals are probably going to be white ( 62 ) . With this being valid, our universe will once again be placed into a kind of isolation age were individuals are compelled to be isolated over something that they have no influence over. Populace all in all will go a game for designing and logical control to play with and it will at long last pass on us down then again more progressed. We will go stocks of similar sorts and independence will scarcely be. Colvin states that. . .by dousing the commixture of cistrons that happen during regular multiplication, human biodiversity will be lessened and human advancement will suspend ( 2 ) . We would be diminishing the common method of generation and by that decreasing our highlights as various individuals. With a populace, for example, this there comes certain standpoints that are to be met. Lifes will get down being made, as stocks then again of a build of adoration between two individuals. Human presences ought to be made for their ain intrigue, neer for individual else # 8217 ; s point ( DuPrau 70 ) . Ordinarily these children might be made simply to satisfy the craving to live over a past clasp or to take the topographic purpose of a lost adored one. What a heap for those children, to cognize that their folks were attempting to re-make themselves or individual perished ( Arnst 1 ) . That child will encounter committed to be an individual the person in question is non arranged to be or may non even need to be ; by and by, the person will be brought into the world with certain standpoints. The child may encounter these standpoints as power per unit zone. He dim feel that he doesn Ts have the opportunity to be what he needs to be ( DuPrau 65 ) . To make a child and criticalness such points of view toward that person is all together deceptive. A child ought to be brought into the universe out of adoration and marriage, non for 1s ain individual plan or want. In the event that a the child is brought into the universe for this plan, imperfectnesss and all, so the child is henceforth ever a blessing one like them who springs from their grasping, non being whom they have made and whose destiny they should discover ( OConner 24 ) .

Definition Argument Essay Samples - Get What You Need

Definition Argument Essay Samples - Get What You NeedStudents are required to write an essay with defined definition arguments so that they will be able to improve their writing skills. Students need to practice this habit in order to produce good argumentative essays.One of the best ways to develop a good definition argument is by using persuasive argument examples. The same thing applies to using arguments as examples in your own writing. Good examples will definitely help you in shaping your argument.There are certain things that you can use to guide you in building an argument. For example, make sure you have first the sources of your information and then you should start researching the issue that you are writing about. It is very important that you do not take for granted the information that you have gathered. You should never just accept information without doing proper research on it.When you find the best sources of information, you need to make sure that you should get the m in writing. Remember that your writing is very important and you must make it count. Once you have gathered all the necessary information, then you need to organize the information in a way that will make it easier for you to present it to your readers.If you want to make your writing better, you should make use of a persuasive argument template. A template is usually made up of some templates, which are sometimes grouped together. However, you need to use one template and stick to it. Your whole argument is based on it.An example of a good argument template is the '5 Second' idea. This is a very helpful tool especially for people who do not have enough time to write a good essay. With this tool, you need to just focus on the content of your essay and the other stuff will take care of itself. It is therefore advisable that you should keep in mind the purpose of your writing and try to reduce the details of the essay.The purpose of the essay that you are writing is to make good arg uments that are based on your facts and your knowledge of the topic that you are writing about. Make sure that your essay should also use your written voice as the main appeal of your argument.The goal of writing is to make it successful and most importantly, to achieve what you want. Thus, the importance of definition argument essay samples cannot be ignored at all. You should always remember that these samples will guide you in making your writing perfect and it is because of this that you should always read the sample.

Corporate Governance And Firms Performance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Corporate governance is a recent concept that encompasses many issues like internal control, rights and relation with stakeholders, social responsibility of the business, structure and role of the management committee, management transparency (refers to the disclosure of all reliable and relevant information) and accountability (refers to broader corporate objectives to manage the socio-economic resources efficiency) and the like. It also entails planning and strategic development of the company, day-to-day operation, and knowledge of the market and the sound understanding of the business itself. Precisely speaking, corporate governance is all about corporate practices to meet the corporate objectives. According to Byrnes et al. (2003), after the high profile scandals of Enron, WorldCom etc. corporate governance is imputed in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This paper will try to find out the impact of corporate governance on firm performance. This paper will also try to show that better use of corporate governance help the firm to perform in an optimum level and if it is right better governed firm will have better performance than worse governed firm. Jensen and Meckling (1976); Fama and Jensen (1983); Shleifer and Vishny (1997) cited that, incentive has been given to the managers to confiscate the assets of the firm by taking profitable projects but this is much beneficiary to the managers than maximizing shareholders wealth. According to Shleifer and Vishny (1997), effective corporate governance control the awards given by the stakeholders and creditors and increase the profitability of the firm by investing in a positive net present value projects. Brown and Caylor (2004) argued that, regulators and governance advocates argue that in most of the cases stock price goes down because of poor governance and if this is right the market price of the well governed firm should be relatively high than poor governed firms. On the other hand by considering cash flow hypothesis Jensen (1986), says that shareholders expects cash flow via dividend payout but large free cash flow through dividend decrease the liquidity condition of the firm a nd this disables the firm to invest in the profitable projects and lower the profitability. Arnott and Asness (2003) finds that, better governed firm give more cash in dividend payout which also can be considered as firm performance. Moreover Bowen, Rajgopal, Venkatachalam (2008) found that, corporate governance also can be found from the accounting discretion, firm with weaker governance structure generally produce report with poorer future performance. According to Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003), studying the impact of corporate governance on firm performance finds that, strong shareholders rights and returns of the firm outperform on risk-adjusted basis. This result indicates that corporate governance also can be measured or constructed from publicly available data. According to Klein, Shapiro and Young (2005), there are not any clear evidence that can suggest that better corporate governance will enhance the firms performance. One alternative way to measure firm performance is measuring the performance of companies with shareholders rights. Core, Guay and Rusticus (2004) said that, in current decade share returns of companies are strongly related with shareholders right companies with poor shareholders rights do not over perform in their performance. The companies which maintain strong shareholders right may not exhibited superior return on their performance. On the other hand, if the firms risk adjustment not done properly, corporate governance may correlate with unrecognizable risk factor(s). One other thing is that the relation between corporate governance and firm performance might be increase distrust about causality explanation. In most countries the common mechanism for determining collective action problems among shareholders partial ownership and control is given to the hand of large shareholders. In this situation two important forms of corporate governance need to be considered by the firm. First, there may be conflict among the shareholders with management against small investors; and secondly, the liquidity from secondary market will decrease. To boost the liquidity crisis of the stock market corporate law is enforced and which limits the power of the large shareholders of the company and also limit the violence of the minority shareholders. In this system generally the firms depends on the board of directors to maintaining and functioning the actions of the shareholders. Sometimes the actions of the board of directors become ineffective. Where the minority shareholders get better protection the interest of the mangers also become an issue of prudence. Finally, the primary goal of the corporate govern ance is to control the regulation of activity the shareholders and managers and made a check and balance to protect the interest of both shareholders and mangers. This paper will try to find out how corporate governance can help the firm to accelerate their performance. For doing so there lies a need for developing a measure to scale corporate governance practice of the firm and to allocate a governance score for each firm then calculation of the financial and economic performance by using governance score will become possible. This paper will also conduct a cross sectional analysis to relate firms performance with their corporate governance practices. Keywords Corporate Governance, Firm performance, Corporate Governance and Firm Performance. Problem of the study This paper will develop to find out the following problems: How corporate governance impact on firms performance? Why firms performance is influenced by corporate governance? When corporate governance influence firms performance? Aims The aim of this paper is to find the influence of corporate governance over firms performance. Objective of the study This research will be conduct to fulfill the following objectives To measure the industry wise corporate governance practices. To find the impact of corporate governance with the firm performance. To measure the degree of performance influenced by corporate governance. To find out the major indicators of corporate governance. To find out the best practices of corporate governance. Literature Review The concept corporate governance actually gives an insight regarding the code of conduct of the companys business. Corporate Governance is the process by which companies are governed and held accountable to their owners. Corporate Governance is the whole system of managing and controlling a company. Many view corporate governance in the light of the long-run value creation of shareholders. Corporate Governance is the enhancement of the long-term shareholder value while at the same time protecting the interest of other shareholders. From this view, corporate governance focuses on structure and rules of the board of directors; the independent audit committee and control management. So, corporate governance is a pervasive concept, which basically tells about the corporate practices. This is such a concept encompassing the relations and rights of shareholders with the board and other stakeholders; effective risk management; management transparency and accountability to the stakeholders g roup and overall corporate practices that aims at meeting the corporate goals. OECD set few principles of corporate governance, which have been adopted by the member countries of the OCED. These principles are available in the web site: www.oecd.org. In summary, they include the following elements: The rights of shareholders: These include a set of rights including secure ownership of their shares, the rights to full disclosure of information, voting rights, participation in decisions on sale or modification of corporate assets including mergers and new share issues. The Equitable Treatment of Shareholders: Here the OCED is concerned with protecting minority shareholders rights by setting up systems that keep insiders, including managers and directors, from taking advantage of their roles. The Role of Stakeholders in Corporate Governance: the OCED recognizes that there are other stakeholders in companies in addition to stakeholders. Banks, bondholders and workers for example are important stakeholders in the way in which companies perform and make decisions. Disclosure and Transparency: The OCED also lays out a number of provisions for the disclosure and communication and key facts about the company ranging from financial details to governance structures including the board of directors and their remuneration. The Responsibilities to the Board: The guidelines provide a great deal of detail about the functions of the board in protecting the company, its shareholders, and its stakeholders. These include concerns about corporate strategy, risk, executive compensation and performance, as well as accounting and reporting systems. John, K. et.al. (1998) conducted a study to relate Corporate Governance with managerial risk-taking. The study showed how the investor protection environment affects corporate managers incentives to take value-enhancing risks. It suggested that the manager chooses higher perk consumption when investor protection is low and vice versa. Lower investor protection is associated with conservative investment policy and least firm growth. Finally the authors suggested that the corporate risk-taking and firm growth rates are positively related to the quality of investor protection (whether the investment generated by the firm is used is a safe and secured way). This situation indicates that a risk-taking firms growth rate is higher than the less risk-taking firm so find out the concerns towards the investors it is necessary to calculate that whether the firm is taking much risk for increasing its growth, which may arise adverse situation for the investor by decreasing the protection of the i nvestment. According to John and Senbet (1998), a common belief is that boards of directors are become more independent as the number of outsider director increases. Though, Fosberg (1989), found no relation of firm performance with the outsider directors, he rather emphasis on other variables like SGA expenses, sales, return on equity and number of employees. Hermalin and Wrisbach (1991) also dont find any association between the number of independent directors and firm performance. In 2002 Bhagat and Black became unable to find any relationship between the numbers of outsider directors. But in contrast Baysinger and Butler (1985) and Rosenstein and Wyatt (1990) find rewards for the firm for appointing outsider directors. Anderson, Mansi and Reeb (2004) showed that, the cost of debt is inversely related with the independence of the board of directors. According to Brickley, Coles and Terry (1994), there are a positive linkage between the number of outsider directors and stock market response. Bhagat and Bolton (2007) argued that, better governance can be measured by GIM and BCF indices, stock owned by the board of directors, performance of CEO etc. Lipton and Lorsch (1992); Jensen (1993) argued in their evidence that, it is believed by some people that limiting the board size of the firm will have impact in the performance of the firm because increase number of the board members will increase the monitoring, communication and decision making ability. On the other hand Yermack (1996) found an inverse relationship between board size and profitability, asset utilization and Tobins Q. Board of director plays a vital role in the firm performance. As they divide their duties and responsibilities so increase in the number of directors make the responsibilities and duties more narrowed, so if the number of director increases the firms performance should be increased. On other side if the firm appoint experienced CEO or director in the firm it have a positive impact on the stock price of the firm which reflects the practice of good corporate governance has a positive impact on firms performance. According to Bhagat and Bolton (2008), Corporate governance has the authority to make any modification or change in any important decisions including investment policy, management compensation policy, boards decision etc. so it becomes easier for the firm to monitor and implement their activities efficiently by practicing good corporate governance this will help the firm to increase its overall performance. A negative relationship has been found by Klein (2002), between audit committee independence and earnings management. Whereas Anderson et al. (2004) documented that firm with self-governing audit committee has low debt financing costs. Frankel, Johnson and Johnson (2002) show an inverse relationship with the firm earnings management and the independence of the audit committee. On the other hand, Ashbaugh, Lafond and Mayhew (2003) and Larcker and Richardson (2004) show disagreement about the inverse relationship between firm earnings management and independence of the auditor in th eir evidence. Bhagat and Bolton (2008) provided some evidence to associate the relationship between audits related governance factors and firm performance: Audit committee those are solely independent are positively related with dividend yield but not related with firms operating performance or valuation; Annual meetings held by the firm are not related with the performance; Consulting fees and audit fees paid to the auditors are negatively related with the firms performance measurement; Company policy for rotating auditors are positively related with the return on equity but not related with any other performance factors. As audit committee plays an important role for establishing and implementing firms investment policy, compensation policy and other management decision the role of audit committee influence the firms performance. The performance of audit committee can vary due to various factors such as audit fees, independence of the committee etc. as Bhagat and Bolton (2008) finds several audit related governance factors but this area needs further research to find out the exact situation. Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003) introduced a corporate governance measure which is equal weighted index of 24 corporate governance factors, these factors are gathered by the Investor Responsibility Research Center (IRRC), those are, classified boards, golden parachutes, poison pills, cumulative voting supermajority rules for selecting and approving managers. Whereas, Brown and Caylor (2004) created their corporate governance index through the use of Institutional Shareholder Service (ISS) data. Hermalin and Weisbach (1998, 2003); Bhagat, Carey and Elson (1999); Brickley, Coles and Jarrell (1997) states that, board independence, stock ownership of board members and whether CEO and Chairman are individual person etc. are considered as a importance characteristics of corporate governance. Brown and Caylor (2004) identified 52 factors for considering corporate governance practice of the firms where Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003) considers 24 factors for measuring corporate charter position and board characteristics. According to Bhagat and Bolton (2008) management compensation features, board characteristics, and corporate charter position creates the personality of firms corporate governance while creating the corporate governance index these factors need to be weighted otherwise it will become unable to give optimum result. If the weight are not equally weighted the relationship between the corporate governance and firm performance will give an unrealistic result with incorrect inferences between the relation of corporate governance and firm performance. While selecting the factors for creating the governance score it must be consider that the factors need to be available for all kinds of firms from different industry, otherwise the result may become bias. On the other hand if the researcher did not find weighted average the outcome of the study becomes questionable so for making the evidence more reliable it is necessary to find out the weighted average o f the governance score. Some variables of measuring corporate governance can be motivated by incentive-based economic models of managerial behavior. This model can fall into two categories. First one is agency model, in this model the interest of managers are take into action as a result it becomes costly for the shareholders. In this model shareholders become unable to observe the behavior of the managers directly, but sometimes ownership are given to the managers to reduce this type of action and use the resources for the best interest of the shareholders. This problem is cited by Grossman and Hart in 1983. Another model is adverse situation model; this model is motivated by the hypothesis of differential ability which also cannot be observed by the firms shareholders. In this model the power of managers is control to reduce the use of cash flow for the private benefit or managers personal information cannot be used to control the firms cash flow. This model is provided by Mayerson (1987). From the above situation it is clear that sometimes corporate governance is controlled by the relationship between managers and shareholders and in this case managers behaviors and ability are directly associated with the firms performance. Berle and Means (1932), find the impact of the cost of the shareholders ownership, they found a positive relationship with ownership structure and firm performance. However, Demsetz (1983) argued that, if we scrutinize the success factors of the public companies with diffused share ownership we will see clear offsetting benefits of the shareholders. Other factors that may impact of the firm performance are performance based compensation and insider information which should be determined through ownership. For example, if the performance of the firm increase the value of the stock and the managers owned some ownership, it will increase the value of their ownership this incentive will help the firm to preserve the interest of both shareholders and managers by boosting the performance of the firm. Hypothesis This research will focus on following hypothesis: H1: Company with good Corporate Governance has a better operating performance. H2: Company with poor Corporate Governance has a poor operating performance. Methodology of the study Research method To fulfill the objectives of this paper and find out the relationship of corporate governance with firm performance both qualitative and quantitative method of research will be used. The main objective of this paper is to find out the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance and to find out the degree of influence of corporate governance on the firm performance to find out this evidences researcher need to go through an exploratory research. Some case studies also will be analyzed and discussed to find out the actual position and this will make this research more realistic. This paper will try to develop a governance measure (governance score) to find out the degree of corporate governance practiced and also identify some factors to measure the performance of the firm and score them with a relevant range. Governance score will be composite measure of about 50 factors which will encircling on several corporate governance categories like audit committee, board of directors, executive and directors compensation, compensation policy for the managers, industry, progressive practices, directors education, charter/ bylaws etc. Then researcher will do a cross sectional analysis between governance score and firm performance score. For measuring operating performance Tobins Q, GIM, return on equity, profit margin, sales growth, and other financial measurements will be used. Data collection This paper will create a summary metric of the governance score to measure the strength of the firms governance. Researcher will collect data related with corporate governance and firm performance from the annual report and publicly available information sources mostly researcher will depend on the secondary sources for preparing this report; though researcher will try to collect data from the reliable sources like stock exchange, annual report, magazine etc. This paper will take a large number of individual firms as my sample for this studies thus it will reflect real phenomena. This paper will take data for measuring firm performance for the 2009 fiscal year end. Sampling The population for this report will be listed companies in the London stock exchange. The researcher will take at least fifty companies as sample from five different industries they are automobiles and parts, banks, beverages, food producers, and electronic and electrical equipment. The companies will be chosen randomly. Scope of the study This paper will try to find out how good corporate governance practices impact on the firm performance. This paper will contribute on the literature on the following way: first, the role of the board of the directors plays on the performance of the firm. For example: the numbers of independent directors or dependent director can play a role in the governance and also contribute on the performance of the firm. This may varied from industry to industry so researcher will took a descriptive analysis on the following matter, for collecting the evidence on the following matter GIM, and Tobins Q will play a great role. This paper will also find out the variables that may impact on the performance related with this topic. Secondly, researcher will try to find out the better incentive policy given to the manager stock option or cash dividend which will be more effective to protect the right of the stockholder as well as boosting the performance of the firm. The performance of the firm can be measured in various ways this paper will focus on the financial performance and the right of the stockholder in measuring the performance of the firm. Thirdly, this paper will come with the functioning of the audit committee; audit committee plays a vital role on the both in the corporate governance practices of the firma and the firm performance. Compensation given to the internal and external audit committee also has impact on the firm performance do find out these impacts an explanatory research will be conducted. Finally, researcher will come with the degree of corporate governance practices with the firm performance. This paper will find out extent of the impact of the corporate governance with the firm performance. Concluding remarks Corporate governance plays a vital role to balance between the economic and social goals and between individual and communal goals. The governance framework is very much important to boosting up the performance of the firm and to protect the interest of the stockholders. Because it ensures the efficient use of resources, make the management accountable and ensures the best benefit of all the parties. As a result corporate governance has impact on the overall performance of the firm because it control most of the performance factors and the good practices of corporate governance will allow the firm to protect the interest of the stockholders. Time table: Task Start Date Duration in Days End Date Analyze objectives 10/01/2011 8 17/01/2011 Introduction 18/01/2011 14 31/01/2011 Literature Review 01/02/2011 28 28/02/2011 Methodology 01/03/2011 15 15/03/2011 Data source 16/03/2011 14 30/03/2011 Data collection 31/03/2011 08 07/04/2011 Evaluation 08/04/2011 07 14/04/2011 Edit 15/04/2011 05 19/04/2011 Final documents 20/04/2011 05 24/04/2011 Binding 25/04/2011 03 27/04/2011

Questions to Ask During an Academic Job Interview

Every year graduate students, recent graduates, and postdocs to make the rounds on the academic job interview circuit. When youre looking for a faculty position at a college or university in this difficult academic job market, its easy to forget that your job is to evaluate how well the position matches your needs. In other words, you should ask questions during your academic job interview. Why? First, it shows that youre interested and attentive. Second, it shows that youre discriminating and wont just take any job that comes along. Most importantly, its only by asking questions that youll obtain the information that you need to decide if the job is really for you. Questions to Consider The following are various questions that you can examine and custom fit for your specific interview: How is the university organized? What are the major units and administrators of the school and what are their responsibilities? What does the organizational flow chart look like? (Note that you should do your homework beforehand and be somewhat familiar with the university; ask additional questions to clarify your understanding.)How are departmental decisions made?How often are departmental meetings held? Are decisions made in departmental meetings? Who is eligible to vote on departmental decisions (e.g., all faculty or only tenured faculty)?May I have a copy of the departmental annual report?Whats the relative importance of teaching, research, and service for promotion and tenure?What is the average time that faculty members spend in each academic rank? How long is it before assistant professors are reviewed for promotion and tenure?What is the nature of the tenure review process?About what percent of faculty receive tenure?Can grants be used to supplement salary?What type of retire ment program is there? What percentage of the salary goes to retirement? What does the school contribute?What type of health program exists? What are the costs and benefits?How many undergraduate and graduate students are presently in the department? How are their numbers changing?Tell me about your student population.Where do the undergraduate students go after graduation?What kinds of technology are available in the classroom?How well does the library meet departmental needs? Are the reserves adequate?What courses are you looking to fill?How do the department and university support the improvement of teaching?What are the departments research strengths and weaknesses?What are the departments plans for growth and hiring?What resources for research are available within the department (e.g., computer facilities, equipment)Is there a research office on campus to help faculty write grants?How important is research in determining tenure and promotion?Is outside grant support essential f or promotion and tenure?How are graduate students supported?How do graduate students select research advisors?What kinds of financial support are available for research and supplies?Is this a new position? If not, why did the faculty member leave? Final Advice One final caveat is that your questions should be informed by your research on the department and school. That is, dont ask questions about basic information that can be gleaned off of the department website. Instead ask a followup, in-depth questions that show that youve done your homework and that you are interested in knowing more.

My First Year Old Boys Are Playing Baseball, Football, And...

Most ten year old boys are playing baseball, football, and all the other sports. For me, I did the same therefore; I played outside and played sports. Me my mom and my siblings would always go over to my grandparents’ house while my dad was at work. One day my mom went to go shopping with my grandma; however, I was lucky and got to stay behind with my grandpa. That is when he introduced me to a completely new world. I can remember quite decently it was a warm summer day and I was sitting in my grandpa’s recliner watching cartoons. I always sat in that chair mainly because everything else smelled like fresh smoke consequently, this was due to the fact my grandma has been smoking a pack a day for about seventy five years. Graciously, my mom had already left with my brother and sister as well as my grandma. My grandpa, â€Å"Chuck† as my grandma always called him; he was not a morning person. By the time he was up it was already lunchtime, although that never seemed to bother him. When I was younger, I always noticed him go to the basement. He would be down there for several hours at a time, which would make me very curious. Finally, my curiosity caught up with me, and this time I followed him down. Now Chuck was a very quiet man he did not say much if he did, it was probably something about politics or life itself. When I was down in the basement, I sat on a stool right beside him at his desk. I quickly noticed his organization process, which was to make sure nothing fell off theShow MoreRelatedMy First Year Old Boys Are Playing Baseball, Football, And All The Other Sports1070 Words   |  5 Pagesten-year-old boys are playing baseball, football, and all the other sports. For me, I did the same; therefore, I played outside and played sports. Me my mom and my siblings would always go over to my grandparents’ house while my dad was at work. One day, my mom went to go shopping with my grandma; however, I was lucky and got to stay behind with my grandpa. That is when he introduced me to a completely new world. I can remember quite decently it was a warm summer day and I was sitting in my grandpa’sRead MoreBaseball By Ken Burns : Baseball Is The Constitution, Jazz Music, And Baseball1584 Words   |  7 Pagescrack of a baseball bat meeting a baseball. The hush of the crowd before the pitch allows the 1.4 kHz to echo through the stadium. This sound needs no onomatopoeia; we can all recall it from a memory at a baseball park or from any of the countless baseball movies ever produced. This classic sound has traveled through the years, from the beginnings of professional baseball to today. First called a national pastime in 1856, baseball has endured over two hundred and twenty years as a sport in AmericaRead MoreHow Your Child Acts Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesHow Your Child Acts First of all I think that in the back of every parents mind are questions concerning their childs future. 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A quote from Muhammad Ali says, A man who views the world the same at fifty as he did at twenty has wasted thirty years of his life. All people change when they go through different phases in their lives but not everyone learns from their mistakes. The play Fence, by August Wilson, is a story of a man, Troy, who faces many problems in his life but unfortunately never learns from his experiences. Troy slowly loses everyone in his life and then eventually dies from a heartRead MoreThe Football Of The Baseball Team1531 Words   |  7 Pagesto begin their freshman year of football I awkwardly stumbled along, following them as the field grew closer. I was scared, no; I was absolutely petrified. Never before had I played a real sport. Sure I played a few seasons on the city’s little league baseball team, but in my young mind, that was surely nothing compared to this. Tackle football: I had seen a few minutes of it when my dad and his friends watched, or when my friends played Madde n 05’. Although actually playing was another story altogether;Read MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson Essay1837 Words   |  8 Pageshe realizes he has nothing to show for his life which leads Troy to feel ashamed of himself. The protagonist, Troy Maxson’s job as an African American is a trash collector where is a disappointment for Troy since his dream was to be a professional baseball player. Even though Troys stubbornness gets in the way of his relationships with his family his heart is distracted by the social issues that are occurring during the 1950’s. Troy also represents the number of individuals who ignore the downfallsRead More Youth Sports are Beneficial Essay3780 Words   |  16 PagesYouth Sports are Beneficial Works Cited Not Included Nearly every child, at one point or another in his young and impressionable life, has particiapated in sports. Whether it is a pick-up basketball game at a playground after school, or organized Little League, complete with ninety-foot bases and replicated major league uniforms, sports play an intricate part of the development and maturation of a youngster. Beneath it’s presumed purity, however, lies an occasionally seedy underbelly. Win-at-allRead More Ethnography Essays4047 Words   |  17 Pagescollege football fields every Saturday afternoon. Another form of competition involving severe contact on a scale par with football is the sport of rugby. My personal history with the sport began in a medium sized island in Polynesia. I lived and worked in New Zealand during the summer of 1999, between my sophomore and junior year. This little country hosts a number of different leagues and excels on the world level. I watched numerous matches on the television and in the parks. The first timeRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1340 Words   |  6 Pagesdownfall. At first glance, Troy may not seem like the most honest and affectionate person, but when looking deeper into his actions and reasoning, one could discern that Troy truly is a kindhearted person. Troy works as a garbage man going around and dumping out other people’s trash, which undeniably is not the most desirable, glamorous, or well-paying job a man can have. However, Troy takes whatever work he can get in order to provide for his family. When arguing with Cory, Troy states, â€Å"It’s my job. It’s

Beauty in Todays World Essay - 854 Words

The concept of beauty is a controversial issue in today’s look-oriented modern society as the media constantly tries to give it a set definition. Motivated by material profit, television programs, glamorous magazines, and fashionable websites often provide their own distorted image of the perfect human being. However, due to the fact that it is a subjective and relative concept, beauty is indefinable and therefore an unreachable and utopian ideal. The idea of beauty has undergone a great amount of changes over time, and as a result it is indefinable and almost impossible to give a completely factual definition. What people considered to be beautiful years ago no longer pertains to today’s modern society. These changes can be seen†¦show more content†¦In Asian cultures it is considered attractive to have pale skin, and many Asians often wear sun masks or carry parasols to avoid coloration. Some even powder their faces in order to make their complexion paler and thus more â€Å"attractive†. In Western civilizations like America, perfect skin is often characterized as being tan, and many Americans often risk their own health by visiting tanning salons. Americans also use expensive bronzers and fake tanning sprays that give their skin a more golden color. Cultural differences of beauty can even be traced back to the Native Americans who tightly bounded their heads with cloth in order to elongate their skulls. Similar to variations among cultures, definitions of beauty are also subjective as they can also differ among individuals. Beauty is a relative ideal as its meaning differs among individuals. While some may view beauty as based on inner traits such as personality, intelligence, confidence, grace, charm, and elegance, others may believe that it is only physical factors that make a person attractive. People’s perceptions of beauty are often reflected in their fashion styles and depicted in the clothes that they wear. Many st rive to create their own unique style which shows their individual opinion on what they perceive as alluring. One person may find that a leopard print jacket, a yellow tank top, and pink polka dot shorts are beautiful, while another couldShow MoreRelatedMedia and Feminine Beauty1497 Words   |  6 Pagesfeminine beauty. From watching movie to passing through the subway station, it is quite often to see numerous images of female faces and bodies. Women are exposed in the world where most women display in films and on subway advertising boards are striking poses with little clothes on. Moreover, every image showed is airbrushed with Photoshop. Women are exposed with images produced by the media on what is considered to be the ideal face and body. The way media portray feminine beauty today changesRead MoreSheri S. 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I was taught my beauty depended on my perspective. I was taught to accept and love myself as I am. In the past decades, beauty standards didnt require much from girls, and the culture taught girl to accept their appearance. However, This self acceptance twisted as the years went, from generation to generation. The society set unrealistic standards of beauty across the world. This new occurrence

Avalanch Essay Research Paper Each year in free essay sample

Avalanch Essay, Research Paper Each twelvemonth in the U.S. alone 1000s of avalanches occur. The avalanches happen at many ski resorts, and sometimes killing and wounding people who went out of bounds or did non listen to the teachers. The avalanches besides happen on other mountains that people are boosting and mounting on the mountains. In the Cascades every twelvemonth tonss of avalanches occur with out doing any harm to anything. This twelvemonth entirely in North America 32 people have died due to avalanches. Avalanches don # 8217 ; Ts have to go on on a mountain. They can go on were of all time there is snow lying on land of sufficient angle. In recent old ages at that place have been accidents with avalanches on the English Lakes, the Cheviots and the Pennines and Wales ( Marchant 52-53, About Avalanches ) The lifting sum of backcountry skiing and snowboarding is non good. That it because where they ski, the snow is non safe and is easy caused to skid. On Mount Baker in Washington a skier was 15 pess out of bounds and was covered by a 15-foot moving ridge of snow. ( Martinet 52-53 ) Many things can and will do avalanches. Many factors cause avalanches. Weather is the most of import factor in finding whether avalanches are likely, and the rating of the snowpack is wholly dependent on this. The snowpack depends on the conditions. One twenty-four hours it could be warm out, warming the snow to 0 grades. Then the following twenty-four hours could 10 below. That would do the snow icy on top and sort of sugary underneath. That would be a likely job for a tramp. They could do some snow to skid and it would travel fast. It would travel fast because the sugary snow Acts of the Apostless as ball bearings doing the crusted bed slide in large sheets destructing things. An other conditions factor is a storm. It is said that 90 % of all avalanches occur during blizzards. Other conditions factors besides affect avalanche activity but non every bit much as storms and temperature. Terrain besides has an affect on how avalanches are caused. If the land is bouldery underneath the snow it is non a likely that an avalanche will get down because the stones will keep the snow between themselves and sort of battalions the snow tighter. When the stones are covered surface avalanche activity is unhampered. The terrain besides consists of the Slope. When there is a incline between 25 and 45 grades, you are more likely to hold a big slab avalanche. The snowpack is a really of import factor in finding whether an avalanche may happen. When look intoing the snow beds there is no demand to delve to the land degree, merely the first moderately thick bed of neve ( refrozen old snow ) . Smoothing the back wall of the cavity and examining with a finger all the manner down may so place the snow bed. Look for these characteristics. Adjacent beds of different hardness, really soft beds, H2O beads squeezed out of a sweet sand verbena made of any bed, beds of ice, beds of graupel ( rounded to a great extent rimmed pellets ) , air space, and beds of loose uncohesive grains. The people on the mountains cause the avalanches excessively. They cause the avalanches by interrupting the snow by doing loud noises, by skiing, snowboarding and snowmobiling besides. All the carving in the snow by the people and their toys causes interruptions in the snow and that creates a really likely factor for a slab avalanche. People all do other things that might non thing will do an avalanche. ( About Avalanches ) The physical features of an avalanche can be broken down to the types of avalanches and what they do. One avalanche is the slab avalanche. This sort of avalanche is big slabs of difficult snow skiding on the surface of the graupel. The graupel works a ball blackball for the slab to skid on. Leting the snow to make velocities of two hundred stat mis per hr. The slab of snow is frequently difficult and destroys everything in its manner. The slab avalanche has a break of mistake line where it breaks off from the other snow and starts to skid. The mistake can be caused by about anything, like a skier, snowboarder or snowmobiler. The borders are perpendicular to the mistake and will skid perpendicular with the mistake. ( About Avalanches ) A surface avalanche is another characteristic of avalanches. This type of avalanche is started on the surface and merely maintain skiding down picking up velocity and more snow burying things in its manner. The surface avalanche is non every bit bad as a slab avalanche because it does non hold the big slabs of difficult ice and snow skiding on top crashing though things. The snow in avalanches moves really fast down the hills. The snow averages a velocity of 150 # 8211 ; 200 stat mis per hr! That is really fast particularly when there likely about 15-foot wall of snow coming down the mountain at 200 stat mis per hr. The snow can merely make that velocity when there is sufficient angle on the mountain. ( About Avalanches, Encarta 98 ) Avalanches harm belongings. The fast moving snow takes out trees and houses in it manner. Not much can halt the snow except itself, because trees and house Don # 8217 ; t stand a opportunity against the fast difficult snow. In the image below you can see that the snow will destroy the land by rending the trees down and thwacking them into the house. That besides moved the house off its foundation and pushed it for a twosome hundred pess before halting the slide. ( Marchant 52-53, About Avalanches ) This twelvemonth entirely 70 people have died from avalanches in Europe. Mostly all of them were skiers, snowboarder and tramps. This twelvemonth in North America 32 people have died. Most of them were snowboarders, skiers, tramps and possibly a snowmobiler. The ground most of the people are killed in the avalanches are that they are skiing or snowboarding and wear # 8217 ; t remain in bounds and travel out in the backcountry were no 1 knows where they are and if they were in the avalanche or non. So most of the people in the backcountry that are caught in the avalanches died of being beat around by the snow and hitting things or dice of hypothermia. So when traveling in the backcountry Don # 8217 ; t travel entirely and put in an avalanche sender. The sender sends out a signal for people can happen you when you are buried in the snow in the center of no where. So to avoid deceasing while skiing and snowboarding in an avalanche stay out of the backcountry and remain on the marked g roomed trails. ( Marchant 52-53, About Avalanches ) How Avalanches are caused. There are four chief grounds that avalanches are caused. One chief cardinal factor is the conditions. 90 % of avalanches are caused during blizzards. The conditions in most of import factor in finding whether an avalanche will go on, following to the rating of the snow. There are many variable in the conditions that have an affect on the avalanche activity. For case, if there is a SW air current of 25mph is indicated with freezing temperatures and snow is know to be lying so it may be assumed that some avalanche hazard will be constructing on the NE facing inclines. The information provided on the temperature, wind velocity and way frequently enables people to do utile anticipations before go forthing place. When boosting after floating and storms do watch out for valances they look like this. This is a jeopardy and can be avoided if you are watching where you are mounting and cognize the land reasonably good. The diagram shows the possible avalanche break line, so seek to give them a broad position to forestall get downing an avalanche. Another Factor in avalanches is the terrain. The terrain consists of the incline profile and the land surface. The incline profile consists of the type of inclines, and which 1s are more unsafe. The most big slab avalanches run on the inclines between 25 and 45 grades. This scope includes the mean angle of coire backwalls and attack inclines to crags. The convex inclines are by and large more risky than unvarying or concave inclines. The point of maximal convexness is a frequent site of tenseness breaks, with the release of the slab avalanches. Ridges or buttresses are better picks than unfastened inclines and gullies when avalanche conditions prevail. The crest of the mountain ridges is normally protected from avalanches, while mounting in state of affairss, stone belays on ribs and buttresses can frequently supply security. ( About Avalanches ) Snowpack is another factor in doing avalanches. When there is equal visibleness, snowpack observations can get down from the wayside. The grounds of recent avalanche activity, chief snow accretion, and fresh burden snow and drifting can frequently be noted from below. When continuing up the mountain take note of pes incursion, valance build up, easiness of release of little slabs and consequence which localized wind forms may hold had on the slab. To acquire an accurate note on the snow beds you can delve a cavity. Do non delve your cavity on the chief incline, but on a little safe incline of similar orientation, it is safer. There will no demand to delve to the land degree, merely down to the first neve. ( Refrozen old snow ) Expression for these undermentioned characteristics. ? Adjacent beds of different hardness. ? Very soft beds ( fist penetrates easy ) . ? Water drops squeezed out of a sweet sand verbena made from any bed. ? Layers of ice. ? Layers of Graupel ( Rounded to a great extent rimmed pellets ) Acts as ball bearings in the snow battalion. ? Feathery of faceted crystals. ? Layers of loose, uncohesive grains ? Airspace. Any of the above might be the beginning of a unsafe failing in the snowpack. You should execute this trial every clip before you climb or hiking. This will assist you to do an educated hazard appraisal. The Lee inclines should be avoided after storms of heavy drifting. Their location will evidently vary harmonizing to weave way, and will include sheltered side of ridges and tableland rims. Peoples on the mountain are truly the chief cause of the avalanche. Most of the people on the mountains are skiers, snowboarders, and climbers. The skiers and snowboarders make large cuts in the snow when they are turning traveling down the mountain. The channels from the people can and make do the snow to interrupt apart and do slab avalanches. The people do others things on the mountain, like cause loud noises and other things that they merely don # 8217 ; t r ealize they did to state others what might hold caused the avalanche. The truth is that most of the avalanches are cause by the victims. It is said that 90 % of avalanches are cause by the victims. ( About Avalanches ) There are things a individual can make to forestall being caught in an avalanche. One thing is maintain a close ticker on the conditions and acquire the prognosis before you go mounting. Do non mount or ski if there is a storm coming or it is floating. Be watching the temperature because that makes the snow loose or difficult. If the snow gets to 0 grades o twenty-four hours it will be loose and soft. Then the following twenty-four hours the snow will be difficult and will skid in a large slab if breaks off. The loose warm snow would be more likely to give manner than the difficult snow so watch for that. The air current is another factor. If it is floating, the snow will be unstable because there will be new snow being placed in different topographic points, and the snow will non hold clip to pack itself before you climb on it. Don # 8217 ; t ascent when there is floating and stormy conditions. The air current will besides drop the temperature existent fast when mounting or skiing ticker for the warm snow turning to ice. The snow beds besides will assist you forestall being caught in an avalanche. If you follow the checklist of beds that were said earlier you would hold a good thought of the sort of hazard you would be taking, if there were any of the dangers in the beds like that were said. If you head those warning marks of the snow beds you should be good in that country. Check the terrain. When look intoing the terrain expression for the type of incline on the mountain you will be mounting or skiing. What is underneath the snow? Is are at that place stones underneath the snow is at that place, cavities that bead out for a couple pess but have a thin crust over them. Ask a twosome locals who have climbed the mountain before, and see what hold to state you about the terrain. ( About Avalanches ) If caught in an avalanche you should seek to make these things. The first thing you should seek to make is seek to detain your going with the traveling snow. You could make that by delving you mounting ax in to the snow or one of your ski poles, or seek keeping on to a tree or stone in you can. Besides tie a rope your organic structure, if you have on with you, so bind the other terminal to a tree or stone, this manner you will non acquire carried really far down the mountain. ( About Avalanches ) When you are being carried off by the snow shriek, yell, cry, merely seek to do a batch of noise for people will be able to hear you and possibly find be able to turn up you a batch faster. By making that others can acquire an thought of where you might be on the mountain. ( About Avalanches ) If you are near the break line attempt to run or leap up incline above the break line. You could besides seek to leap on a difficult slab and seek to stay on the top of it for a piece, until the slide slows down. Get rid of your cogwheel, like your pokes, skis etc. This will assist you steer better in the snow and will assist your senses a little more. Try turn overing like a log with the snow it will assist you be able to travel around a small better. You can seek a swimming gesture because it sometimes helps you steer a little more. But every what you do, seek to remain on the top of the traveling snow, it will assist salvage your life if everything else does non work. ( About Avalanches ) If you get buried in the snow attempt to make some of these fast ones or manoeuvres. One thing keeps your manus in forepart of your face and attempts to clear and keep an air infinite. This will assist you be able to take a breath better. Besides try to hold a infinite near your thorax for enlargement, when you are take a breathing. You should avoid terror and attempt and conserve your energy. Most likely your comrades are likely looking for you. So stay composures ; wear # 8217 ; t waste all of your strength on seeking to acquire out from where you are. If you try and acquire your manus out above the surface, other wise attempt and remain still, and seek to take a breath usually. If you witness an avalanche entombment you should continue by making the followers. ? Observe the victim # 8217 ; s advancement, and if possible grade the point of entry and point at which last seen. ? Check for farther avalanche danger. ? Make speedy hunt of the dust surface, expression for marks of the victim and listen for sounds. ? Make a systematic hunt, examining the dust with axes or poles. ? Send for aid. ? Keep seeking until aid arrives ? Remember, you are the victim # 8217 ; s merely existent opportunity of unrecorded deliverance. ( About Avalanches ) How people are seeking to command avalanches, so that they can be prevented. One manner they are commanding avalanches is that they fire missiles in to the mountains and do small slides. The small slides move a batch of snow down the hill, so when there is a existent avalanche there is non every bit much snow traveling down the hill at one time. They besides use dynamite and other weaponries to make the same. Anther thing they do is, they put up cyberspaces to command the velocity and sum of snow traveling down the mountain all at one time. The cyberspaces hinder the snow # 8217 ; s impulse and sum. That helps cut down on harm done to belongings and woods. ( Ready, Aim, Fire, 148 ) Here is what has happened to a twosome of people and what they did while being caught in an avalanche. Mitch Edwards was snowmobiling in the winter of 1998-1999, when was driving in some pulverization and got stuck traveling up hill. He knew the avalanche danger was high so he was seeking to maneuver clear of it. But while he was stuck and seeking to acquire out, one of his friends yelled avalanche. So he got on his 97 t-cat believing the snow would travel around him and his sled, but he was incorrect. The minute the snow hit his sled it flipped him and his sled all over the hill. He was seeking swimming gestures through snow like you are supposed excessively, while his sleigh was acquiring flipped around. When it eventually stopped his pess were pinned under his sled and his whole organic structure was covered as if buried in cement. The snow was up to his oculus degree, and he could non travel an inch. All that was seeable of his snowmobile was the tip of his ski. Fortunately his friends had seen the whole thing happen. He said after some shoveling he and his snowmobile started to emerge. He besides said every one in his group wears avalanches senders. He said if you don # 8217 ; t have one and were buried like he was and no 1 was at that place to happen him he could still be at that place he said. By the manner, his sled started on the first pull. ( Edwards, 16 ) ( Mitch Edwards and His 97 T-cat ) Andrew Murr and a group were boosting on Mount Rainier when it all started with one word, SNOW. When he looked up he saw a 150 moving ridge of snow coming down at him and 9 other climbers. Their usher tried to hustle them to safety, but they were swept off. Gregg dug his ax into the snow but nil would keep. He told himself he was deceasing. Then his rope caught a rope and brought him to a arrest. A lady that was on his same rope came to a halt over the border of a 500-foot drop underneath a waterfall of glacial overflow. As it turned out all but one of the 10 climbers lived. Patrick Nestler, was hanging beneath the lady even farther down the rope. He died of hypothermia, because he was pelted with 35-degree H2O for about 2 hours. The climbers had been mounting when the temp was a turn 75 grades and the snow merely gave off because of the snow being to warm they figured. ( Murr, 34 ) A device that skiers and snowboarders can have on to assist salvage them in an avalanche, it is called the AIR BAG. It is a 1 or 2 fictile balloons that people can have on on their dorsum. The contents inside are 150 liters of a mixture of N and air. The skier or snowboarder triggers this by drawing a small twine, that so causes a chemical reaction and the balloons fill. What the air bag does is really two things. One thing is that it decreases denseness of a homo, which is much higher than the one of the snow. ( From 1,000 fg/m3 to about 400 kg/m3. ) ( Air Bag ) The 2nd thing it does is do the skier go a bigger atom. This helps the victim stay on or shut to the top of the traveling snow. Because smaller pieces stay under the surface, like a human by them self with out an air bag, would be under the surface the whole and likely neer come uping. The avalanche seams to screen the large pieces and set them on top, and the air bag makes the individual bigger, it keeps them on the top. ( Air Bag ) During 1991-1997 12 people with air bags survived the accident. But you can non be certain you will be wholly buried. In instances of the individual being buried the balloon remains on top of the surface doing it easier to happen the individual. In decision avalanches can go on to any 1 who takes the hazard and there are many factors of enchantress can do them to go on. The victim is one of the chief causes that the avalanche starts in the first topographic point. So when traveling hike or skiing look into the factors. Look at the conditions, acquire an drawn-out prognosis, as some locals about the avalanche activity on that mountain this twelvemonth. Check the snow beds, and merely wear # 8217 ; t believe it can # 8217 ; t go on to you. Remember avalanches can happen where there is sufficient angle and plenty snow to skid. # 8220 ; About Avalanches # 8221 ; The Scots Sports Council. Edwards, Mitch. # 8220 ; I survived an Avalanche # 8221 ; Pride, Vol. 17 December 1998, p16 Fallow, Allan. # 8220 ; Avalanche # 8221 ; National Geographic World, Vol. 257 January 1997 p2-6 Finkel, Michael. # 8220 ; Six Feet Under # 8221 ; Skiing, Vol. 46 October 1993 p28 # 8220 ; Good Avalanches are Essential. # 8221 ; Discover, June 1995, p18 Grogan, David # 8220 ; Buried Alive # 8221 ; Peoples Weekly Vol. 37 January 20, 1992 P 36-37 Marchant, Valelie. # 8220 ; Steep Deep and Deadly # 8221 ; Time March 8th, 1999 p52-53 Murr, Andrew. # 8221 ; The Trail Just Gave Out # 8221 ; News Week Vol. 131, June 22nd 1999, p34 # 8220 ; Ready Aim Fire, its Avalanche Control Season # 8221 ; Sunset Vol. 190 January 1993, p148 # 8220 ; The Air Bag # 8221 ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.avalanche.med.tu-muenchen.de/sk: 8e.htm

Funding the Problem in Independent Research Sample for Student

Question: However Funding May Be The Problem In Independent Research? Answer: Introduction: Gambling addiction is an urge to gamble constantly without taking into consideration undesirable consequences of this addiction. Certain criteria are established to classify gambling as clinical pathological gambling. Intensity and severity of gambling addiction can be decided by the problems experienced by gambler rather than behavior of gambler. Pathological gambling affects both social and family life of gambler and family members. Gambling addiction is considered as addiction like any other substance abuse or substance addiction. However, American Psychiatric Association considered gambling as impulse control disorder rather than addiction. Most of the research indicated that there is a closer relationship between gambling and addiction rather than impulse control disorder and gambling (Nancy, 2006). Research indicated that pathological gamblers are associated with lower levels of norepinephrine as compared to the normal gamblers. It is also evident in the MRI neuroimaging studie s that financial gain in the gambling can result in the brain activation similar to the cocaine addiction. These gamblers also exhibit similar withdrawal symptoms like addiction individuals. Deficiency of serotonin plays an important role in the development of compulsive behavior as well gambling addiction (Potenza, 2008). Objective of the research: To identify the social, financial and health impact of gambling addiction on the gambler and family members of gambler. Impact of this research problem: Most of the studies related to the gambling research are planned to estimate prevalence of gambling. These prevalence studies are helpful in finding problem gamblers in the society Psychology. These surveys are helpful in finding total number of pathological gamblers, number of people at risk of gambling, percentage of people with experience of gambling as a problem and amount of profit obtained from the gambling. Out of their interest, industry people always try to downplay these numbers. Main problem with research on gambling is source of data. Data related to gambling is not available from the valid source and it is difficult to believe completely on such type of evidence. Very less information is available for who produced the data, who initiated the research, what is funding source and what is policy behind the research. Answers for these questions are not promising. Most of the research about gambling is done by the industries. Researchers participated in the gambling research are unable to disclose the data under the influence of industry. In other fields of research, researchers usually produce productive data. However, in case of gambling researcher try to present data on the negative side mentioning very less business. As a result, very less accurate data about gambling is available (Bensimon et al., 2013). These studies also tend to exhibit social class bias. It is evident that these studies reported about more involvement of low class people in gambling. However, it is difficult to accept this fact. Most of the research quoted gambling is a harmless leisure activity. However, in reality it has many harmful effects on the family and society. There are few gamblers without negative impacts of gambling. Such gamblers are termed as problem gamblers. This ill effect of gambling varies from person to person. However, most of the gambling studies are population based and not on the individual basis. Hence, these results cant be applied to each and every in dividual in the society. Few researches apposed industry funding for the gambling research because it can influence outcome of the research. Moreover, these researchers seek funding from public health remit. However, it is a distance dream. There is discrimination in the data generated by the research in gambling and real life condition of the people. In Australia, it has been found that people in Australia spend more money and loses it on gambling as compared to people of any other country. These people also spend more money on gambling as compared to alcohol and petrol (Christensen et al., 2015). One of the prominent reasons for availability of less data on gambling research is researches perception on gambling research. These researchers dont want to spend money and time on silly thing like gambling. Moreover, these researches believe that it very difficult to do research on gambling because most of the gamblers may lie about gambling. There is truth deficit in this research. It should be noted that quality of gambling research can be improved by conducting independent research. Valid data can be generated by conducting independent research, however funding may be the problem in independent research. Implication Causes and trigger: Gambling addiction is considered as the compulsive act with lack of sensitivity of family, work related and financial consequences. Gamblers never think of win or lose as their main focus is act of gambling. Psychological disorder like obsessive-compulsive disorder is primarily responsible for the act of gambling. Obsessive part is responsible for only a single act which is gambling and compulsive part comprises of gamblers action to lessen stress and anxiety. In the research, it is evident that abstaining from gambling can lead to impatience and irritability, which are the prominent symptoms of any addiction. Genetic factors are also responsible for gambling. It can be inherited form either parents (Weinstock and Rash, 2015). Winning and losing in the gambling activate the dopamine level in the brain and increases inclination of the individual towards gambling. Pathological coping mechanism which helps individual to escape from the outside world problems is also responsible for the addiction of gambling. Gambling addiction can also happen to escape from past trauma. Childhood traumas like exploitation and neglect are responsible for gambling addictions. Different psychological factors like anxiety and depression are also responsible for gambling addiction. People who cant find natural ways of happiness are more inclined to gambling. Social influence, nervousness and negative emotions are also responsible for the gambling addiction (Sauchelli et al., 2014). People with gambling are always tend to lose control on them. They are aware of loss of money and time, however they cant control it. They are conscious about their responsibities and family problems, however gambling seems important for them. People with gambling have mixed feelings about themselves. These people are anxious and unhappy about their wrong doings, however they cant control it. This can trigger to psychological implications in people with gambling. Gambling provoke wrong beliefs in person. These people always tend to believe that at some time point they are going to win and after that they can stop it. On some occasions, they may win small amount and it keep them float for more gambling (Johannes et al., 2010). Gambling brings negative thoughts in a person like feeling of loser if he quits gambling. Gambling can trigger problems like leaving family members, fighting among the family members, lying to family members, hiding from the society members, damage to reputation , bankruptcy, distraction from the job, physical and mental illness. Gambling can have very strong impact on the children. Children feel like forgotten by the gambling parent, depressed and angry on the parent because gambling parent cant give enough attention to the children. Children may become totally disturbed because it would be very difficult for them to take side of either of the parents. It would be difficult for the children to believe parent with gambling. Physical and emotional abuses can be increased in the family with gambling. There are possibilities of suicidal attempts in families with gambling (Cunningham et al., 2011). Intervention: Intervention for gambling can be divided into four steps. These steps include validation, documentation, recommendation and consequences. In the validation step, there should be setting of foundation of love and care for the gambling person. It should be kept in mind that other than gambling, other positive things are there in the person. Family member needs to explore these positive things in the validation step (Gainsbury, 2014). Gambling person may deny the problems of gambling. Some gambling persons may deny instructions given by the family members to quit gambling. In the long term this negative approach of denial can have significant impact of the gambling person and family. Hence, record should be maintained related to conversations among family members. These conversations can be used as proof in the later stage. Documentation can also be done for the negative consequences observed due to gambling. Intervention can be provided to prevent occurrence of these consequences or pr ecautionary measures against these consequences (Meyer et al., 2009). In recommendation step actions should be taken against the problems. There should be rectification of the problem. Gambling assessment test should be performed and decision should be made to provide intervention. Gambling person should be allowed to attend meetings and counseling sessions to cope up with this addiction. By this, gambling person can be positively influenced and try to quit gambling. Case studies discussed in these meetings would be helpful for gambling person to relate to his activities and take action against it. Training for money management also would be helpful for gambling person. Gambling person would direct his money towards family instead of gambling. Incorporation of addiction therapist and admission of aPsychology person to gambling addiction treatment facility would be helpful to prevent gambling addiction (Kuperman and Crawford, 2014). Making realization of the positive consequences of the quitting gambling would be helpful. Explaining difference between the problematic gambling and happy life with loved people, can make positive changes in the gambling person (McCown and Howatt, 2007). Medication intervention is also useful in gambling addiction. Antidepressants with action on the serotonin uptake inhibitors and which acts as 5-HT1/5-HT2 receptor antagonists are proved to be useful in pathological gambling. Being a division of obsessive-compulsive disorder, pathological gambling requires higher doses of antidepressants. Antidepressants can be useful in pathological gambling with minimal symptoms of depression also (Nestler, 2013). Outcome: Gambling intervention can be applicable in the community setting. Hence, large number of gamblers can be benefited from the intervention. Gambling intervention can be applicable in the heterogeneous population and at multiple sites. Outcomes from the gambling addiction can be useful in the establishment of the national health policy for gambling addiction. It would be useful in developing uniform criteria, rules and regulations. Outcome of the gambling addiction intervention would be useful in the identification of at-risk and transient gamblers. Hence, timely action can be taken in such gamblers to prevent exaggeration of addiction. These outcomes would be helpful in addressing most of the aspects of the gambling addiction and improving quality of life of the gambler. It would provide better treatment to the gamblers. It would also be useful in the improving the knowledge about the gambling and establishment of cost effective treatment for gambling addiction. Positive outcome of the gambling addiction would be helpful in reducing illegal acts because it is evident that most of the gamblers try to arrange money for gambling through illegal ways. Large amount of debts can be reduced in gamblers and consequently many family issues can be resolved. It would also be helpful in preventing work absenteeism, lost productivity, marital discord and family estrangement. Comorbidities like depression, suicidal thoughts and personality disorders can be prevented by providing gambling addiction intervention (Nguyen, 2016). Cognitive theory: According to cognitive theory, wrong beliefs, cognitive misrepresentation and misinterpretation of concepts associated with the uncertainty, possibility and shared independence of chance events, and illustration of faulty cause are responsible for the etiology, occurrence and continuation of the gambling and gambling related problems. Source of illogical and incorrect cognitive beliefs are unknown, however social influence of gambling from the family and friends, media display, cultural influence and personal experience play major role in gambling addiction. These aspects force individual to incline towards gambling. These individuals believe that gambling is an entertaining opportunity and it also increases their income by winning gambling. Cognitive distortions in people with gambling comprises of: 1) possession of own characters which increase chances of win, belief in luck, superstitious behavior and belief in fate, 2) recall of events related to win only and ne gligence of loses, though loses are more as compared to the wins, and 3) wrong opinion of faulty probabilities and false expectations of win after series of loses. Early wins in gambling make belief of the person that gambling is a easy way to earn money and such individual follow number of loses to get a win. According to cognitive theory persistence in the gambling is influenced by the factors like occasional wins, erroneous belief, cognitive regret and entrapment. Erroneous belief is due to belief in win after many loses. Cognitive regret is related to the finishing in the early stage and missing out future wins. Entrapment is due to already large number of investments and trying to get it back (Zangeneh et al., 2007; Lassiter and Culbreth, 2017). Psychodynamic theory : Psychodynamic theory states that complex intrapsychic developments or disagreements can lead to the gambling addiction. Superego demand and egotistical appeals are responsible for development and maintenance of gambling addiction. This theory mentioned that acquisition of gambling can occur at the unconscious level and it can be driven by instinctual drive. Belief in viable ego and self is energy are mainly responsible for gambling addiction. Gambler develops different behavior which is not socially acceptable. According to this theory, characters mainly responsible of the occurrence of gambling are escape behavior, affect regulation, ego inflation, and actions directed towards self love. Gambling addiction can be developed to control anger and guilt and to control inner and outer world. This theory divided gambler in two classes like real gambler and professional gambler. Real gambler usually plays to escape from the real world and professional gambler plays f or earning money and livelihood. This theory considered gambling as a regression in time (Dixon et al., 2006; Lassiter and Culbreth, 2017). Environmental theory: Environmental theory which is also known as social learning model. This model deals with the operant modification by reinforcing or inhibiting effect of its own consequences. In the initial period money was considered as the positive reinforcement however, in recent times physiological arousal is considered as the reinforcement for gambling addiction. This reinforcement of physiological arousal is supported by the research. According to this theory, increased inclination towards gambling is due to initial success in the gambling. This gambling can continue, even though there is decline in the success rate in the gambling. Moreover, big win in the initial period can lead to the development of pathological gambling. Few justifications are given for the persistence of gambling behavior even after the continuous loses. One of them is partial reinforcement extinction effect. This effect is due to the intermittent positive outcomes of the gambling. This intermittent s uccess in gambling leads in the persistent gambling instead of stopping the gambling after significant success. Gambler experience success in gambling, if gambler continues to gamble on the regular basis. Different people have different psychological arousal needs. These people try to satisfy these arousal needs by learning gambling. According to this theory, arousal in the primary reinforcement but not the winning is responsible for gambling. According to this theory, anxiety of depression, cognitive disturbance about gambling, behavioral reinforcement scheduling, opportunities in gambling prevail attitude, social and institutional determinants and internal fantasy for luck, are responsible for development of gambling addiction (Malenka et al., 2009; West and Brown, 2013). Etiology theory : According to etiology theory, people are more susceptible for gambling with rush for risk and seek materialistic goals. Effects of gambling can results in the financial ruin because gamblers cant decide a point, where they wish to stop it (West and Brown, 2013). References: Bensimon, M., Baruch, A., and Ronel, N. (2013). The experience of gambling in an illegal casino: The gambling spin process. European Journal of Criminology, 10(1), 321. Brown, R. J. (2013). Theory of Addiction. John Wiley Sons. Darren, C. R., Nicki, D. A., Alun, J. C., and Shane, T. A. (2015). 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